Essay On Nikola Tesla - 1212 Words

Nikola Tesla, noted inventor, engineer, machinist, and electrical pioneer was born in 1846 in what is now modern Croatia. His parents had â€Å"five children which included siblings Dane, Angelina, Milka and Marica, in the family. His mother, Djuka Mandic, who invented small household appliances in her spare time while her son was growing up, spurred Tesla’s interest in electrical invention. Tesla s father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian orthodox priest and a writer, and he pushed for his son to join the priesthood.† Very little else is recorded regarding his early childhood or primary education. It is rumored, though, that the young Tesla was alternately cheerful and upbeat, or sullen and solitary. A general theme in his life, though,†¦show more content†¦While both men went on to continue developing sensational inventions, Edison is the man most credited in history books for his work. Tesla, on the other hand, was not an inventor seeking fame, but one who simply had a peculiar and uncanny view on the world. He was known to have outbursts of creative genius that led to days of non-stop work, eventually resulting in his â€Å"register(ing) over 700 patents worldwide.† His most well known work revolved around the Alternating Current electrical theories. While this stood in direct opposition to the corporately backed efforts of Edison to promote a Direct Current network for electrical distribution, Tesla continued with the idea of transmitting electricity through the air, and free to all people. Edison scoffed at the idea, but even the newest research in the 21st century reveals that Tesla’s notions are quite feasible. In the end, it is clear that his early education at home, his formal education on record, and his work with Edison all contributed to the foundation of Nikola Tesla’s broad range of work. The public perception of Tesla was quite positive during his productive years, even earning the financial backing of J. Pierpont Morgan for a while . Tesla’s disputes with Edison grew over the years, though, eventually leading Tesla to abandon much of his work later in life, and he eventually died penniless in 1943 while residing in a New York hotel. By all accounts, he wasShow MoreRelatedEssay Nikola Tesla1035 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most brilliant inventors in history. His work provided the basis for the modern alternating current power system, as well as having developed both radio and the fluorescent light bulb. He worked with Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, among others. He was also widely misunderstood by his peers and the public at large. Biography Nikola Tesla was born in a small town called Smiljan, in what is now Croatia, during a lightning storm. Some would say thatRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthings, but I bet it wont give any mention of a man by the name of Nikola Tesla. In fact, I bet they wont give much mention of Tesla for any of the many things he invented. We can thank Thomas Edison for this. Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljian, Croatia at precisely midnight on July 9/10, 1856. Not a lot is known about his early childhood. His father was an orthodox priest, and his mother, though unschooled, was highly intelligent. Tesla had an extraordinary memory, and he spoke six languages. He SpentRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and was an inventor in her own right of household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and 3 younger sisters. Tesla studied at the Realschule, Karlstadt in 1873, the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of PragueRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages Nikola Tesla Few people recognize his name today, and even among those who do, the words Nikola Tesla are likly to summon up the image of a crackpot rather than an authentic scientist. Nikola Tesla was possibly the greatest inventor the world has ever known. He was, without doubt, a genius who is not only credited with many devices we use today, but is also credited with astonishing, sometimes world-transforming, devices that are even simply amazing by todays scientific standards. Tesla was bornRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Lika, which at that time was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which is now known as Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and he was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and she invented household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and three younger sisters. In 1873, Tesla studied at the the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of Prague. At firstRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1458 Words   |  6 PagesNikola Tesla (1856-1943) was an inventor and is responsible for the world as we know it. He developed alternating current, the Tesla coil, and wireless connectivity. Today he is regarded as one of the most important geniuses in history, but while he was alive, his ideas were largely unsupported. Tesla was born in Smiljan, Yugoslavia (modern-day Croatia) on July 10, 1856. He went to primary school, where he learned subjects such as arithmetic, religion, and German. From a very early age, Tesla wasRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesBorn in 1856 the son of an Orthodox priest in Smiljan, Croatia, Nikola Tesla had an early exposure to inventing. His mother, although unschooled, was a very intelligent woman who often created appliances that helped with home and farm responsibilities, such as a mechanical eggbeater. Young Nikola was schooled at home during his early years and later attended a school in Carlstadt, Croatia. He soon developed advanced skills such as doing calculus integrals in his head. He very deeply wantedRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla I do not think there is any thrill that can go through the human heart like that felt by the inventor as he sees some creation of the brain unfolding to success... such emotions make a man forget food, sleep, friends, love, everything. Nikola Tesla Few people know his name today, and even those who do the words Nikola Tesla are likely to come up with the image of a crackpot rather than an authentic scientist. Nikola Tesla was possibly the greatest inventor the worldRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1801 Words   |  8 PagesNikola Tesla was an inventor, electrical engineer, futurist, mechanical engineer and physicist. He is the original inventor of the alternative currents which revolutionize the way we use electricity. He made countless more inventions like remote controls, wireless telegraph, neon lamps, three-phase electric power. Many people think that Thomas Edison made electricity available to us which he did for a while but it was very dangerous, however Nokia Tesla was the true inventor that provided us withRead MoreEssay on Biography of Nikola Tesla504 Words   |  3 Pages Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljan, Croatia at midnight between July 9th and 10th 1856. He was intelligent since his early childhood. He soon became interested in engineering and he studied it at the Technical University in Graz, Austria, from 1877 to 1880. Right after that he went to the University of Prague in 1880, but his father had died and he withdrew his studies from the University soon after. Tesla always dreamed of becoming an electrical engineer and to invent a new type of power transmission

Palm reading Free Essays

Personalities through their palms. Specific purpose: By the end of my speech my audience will learn how personality palm reading is dependent on nerves and another 3 major life lines . L. We will write a custom essay sample on Palm reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction: A. Attention Getter: (I’m going to say the personality traits of a classmate) , you ask how I know all this about his about him , its all here written in own his hands. Transition: Sometimes our eyes hide what our hands read. Since our palms, hands and fingers are all maps that tell us about our personalities and where were going through our lives. B. Reason to Listen: I bet everyone here has looked to his hands ND wondered what those silly lines meant. Well palm reading provides the answer for all this. C. Thesis Statement: According to Dictionary. Reference. Com palm reading is the practice of interpreting ones character from the lines and configurations of the palm of the hand . D. Credibility Statement: Throughout my life I have always heard bad things about palm reading, since its accuracy has always been questioned because it has always been linked with forecasting and never been proven with any scientific facts to back it up. It is wrap off ! Owe could you believe in such things ! They use you in order to take your money. After deep research I concluded that its not what people actually think it is a simple process based on our biological features and our nervous system. It is an art practiced worldwide and with Indian astrology roots . E. Preview of main points: I will discuss how palm reading is related to the nerves and brain. Body A. In Order to understand how to read a palm we must first understand how does this process work . 1. Our nerves have a long path that begins with the brain and ends at our body extremities : the hands and the feet. . This connection between our nerve endings and our brains is thus what makes our mental thoughts reflect into our hands. Making everything we want, do, behave, love or hate visible. Transition: The first question asked about palm reading is which hand to read? B. The Palm reader usually chooses each person’s dominant hand. 1 . The dominant hand is the passive hand the one you usually use the most and write with , it is all the experiences gained through-out your life while the non dominant hand is considered the experiences you will go through in the future . . The next step is determining the shape of the palms , we have 4 shapes unhand : the Earth hands which are square in shape with short fingers. People with Earth hands are practical, stubborn and love outdoors activities. 2. The Second shape is the air hands that are square in shape with long fingers. People with these kind of hands are curious, full of ideas, worry a lot, good communicators, but may have problems with private relationships . 3. The third shape is the fire hands that have a long palm but short fingers. People with fire hands are full of energy, spontaneous, optimistic, active, but have of lack patience . 4. The last shape is the Water hands that are rectangular in heap with long fingers. People with water hands are very moody yet loving, caring, don’t cope well with stress . Transition: Now we move on to the 3 major lines of the palm. C. Each line of the three tells a different story about each individual . 1. Im going to start with the top line in our hands, the heart line. It is the line that determines the sensitivity and the emotional aspects of a person. If the line starts below the index finger, it means that he is happily in a relationship. Whereas if the line starts below the middle finger, it means that an individual is selfish when it comes to love. If it starts in the middle, then it means that an individual falls in love very easily. However, the curvier the line is the more romantic the individual is, and the straighter it is the less romantic a person is. If it touches life line then it means that the individual is easily heartbroken. But when the line is Www then it means that the individual has experienced many relationships and lovers. Finally a circle on the line means that the individual is sad with his life . 2. The Second Line , is the middle one The Head Line . Alt determines how focused or easily distracted a person is. When the line is short, it resembles that an individual is short and direct to the point, whereas the longer it is the more creative and thoughtful an individual is, but the straighter it is, it means that the individual has very clear thoughts. Finally, if the head line is wavy, it means that the individual has a lack of concentration. 3. The curves beside the thumb represent the third major line the life line, the closer they are to the thumb the less enthusiastic and passionate for life the individual is, while the curvier they are it means that an individual has a great eve for life , if it swings out it shows that the individual likes to travel often, but if there are breaks it means that the individual has a weak immune system. Any additional line means that an individual is surrounded with positive vibes. Ill. Conclusion: A. Review of main points: So Palm reading does not tell you the number of kids your going to have , nor at what age will you die or the name of the pet your going to bring next year. It is a simple art that interprets your personality through the reading of your palms and not a fortune telling myth. B. Closure: Now that you all know everything about palm eating you can each know more about your own personality. True or not. It is an easy, fun unharmed process that takes only a couple of minutes. 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Leadership and Management Services Australian Hardware Training Progr

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Management Servicesfor Australian Hardware Training Program. Answer: Introduction Preparation of an effective pilot training program includes a stepwise and systematic procedure for meeting the participant expectations and organizational objectives (Phillips Phillips, 2016). This assignment is based on the three months of pilot training program that has been delivered by the external training provided Train Your Way Up (TYWU) to the sales staff of the organization named Australian Hardware (AH). However, upon completion of the training and the evaluation of its effectiveness, it was found that the training has failed to meet the targets of its purpose. This assignment will evaluate the effectiveness of the previous development activities undertaken by TYWU and develop new leaning and development plans. Apart from this, renegotiation with the providers will be carried out to allow them to deliver an acceptable level of quality. Review of the Training Outcomes From the summary of the initial training outcomes, it is evident that there was a dearth in every aspect of the training program. This includes the fact that the number of employees targeted to receive the training was 4,000 but the actual number of employees who received the training was 367 which was approximately 9% of the actual target. From the randomized collected data on the application of the sales model features by the employees, it was found to be 45% as against the target of 80%, which was approximately 56% of the actual target. The only positive outcome of the training program was the average assessment score of the trainees which was targeted to be 80% and the achieved score was 90%, which was 112.5% of the target. An effective pilot training program includes the assessment and identification of the existing gaps and needs in the organization and filling them (Yadav, 2014). However, from the evaluation data, it can be stated that the training program was failed to achiev e its targeted levels and scored poor results in few aspects. A simulated business information of the AH can be obtained from the assessed data of the post-presentation scenario. The AH do not implement sustainability as an important differentiator of AH as the sales staff were not trained enough to do so. The sales model of AH does not ask the customers about their possible future needs and their primary needs as the sales staff members did not follow the sales model as a result of the faulty training program. Considering the long-term benefits of the organization, sustainability is a crucial aspect in terms of corporate and economic perspectives. In addition, customer satisfaction can be enhanced by knowing their present and future needs that in turn increases the revenue (Sorescu Sorescu, 2016). The interpretation of these performance data to the senior management team will involve proposal of interventions that I would implement for rectification of the issues. Since the faulty pilot training program could be detrimental to the business and the organization, therefore the rectification process would involve addressing of the performance gaps for achieving the organizational objectives of increasing sustainability and the long-term goals of retaining the satisfied and loyal customers. Only 68% of the customers are aware of the sustainability practices of AH and 67% of the customers are satisfied with their shopping experience with AH, as against the targets of 95% each. It is recommended that there has to be a 28% and 29% increase in both these aspects by making the customers aware of the communal and environmental sustainability commitment of the company with its ethical services and products. The sales team should look out for ways to increase the daily customer interaction and facilitating feedback by carrying customer service throughout every customer touch points. The line managers should be participating in the regular support and monitoring of the e mployees for applying the sales training on the job. Training Strategy and Schedule An effective pilot training program for the employees is essential for the long-term success of business as they provide multiple benefits for the organization and the employees if they are properly implemented and carefully planned (Krn, 2014). The training program has to be conducted considering the goals of the company during the stages of implementation and development for devising an effective program. Training objectives: To increase the number of trainees in the new sales model and sustainability practices. To increase the application of the sales model and sustainability practices by the trainees. To increase the revenue generation by the trained sales person per month. To increase the customer awareness of sustainability practices by the sales persons. To increase the customer satisfaction with their shopping experience. Actions: Timeframe Activity Teaching or Assessment Resources Conducting rotational and real-time coaching activities Real time approaches would increase the participation of the trainees and the actual faults in their sales activities can be rectified Trainers (1 to 30, depending on the number of trainees) and managers Practical training of the sales model and sustainability practices Conducting digital courses and group discussion modules will serve to increase the skills and knowledge of the trainees for their application Digital library resources and online discussion community facilities Theoretical training session on customer, competitors and products of the company Extensive theoretical training program will improve the skills and knowledge of the trainees about sales and increase their revenue generation Trainers and line managers for continuous monitoring A brief classroom course on sustainability practices Rotational offline teaching course on sustainability practices will increase the awareness of the customers by the sales persons Trainers and offline course materials Practical and real time activities on customer satisfaction Training on online and offline shopping experiences of the customers help the sales persons to increase their satisfaction levels Online teaching resources and line managers for offline monitoring Renegotiation of the Training Agreement In todays business environment, maintenance of the negotiation of the static agreements is becoming increasingly difficult to withstand the change pressures (Maglio Spohrer, 2013). Therefore, re-negotiation is emerging as a growing trend in international business and they should be kept at a minimum for effective management. Renegotiation of the training service agreement of AH with TYWU will include the proposed training strategy and resources for achieving the long-term objectives and goals of the organization. The renegotiated parts in the service agreement have been presented to facilitate the learning of the sales persons. Scope of Services Sales training for increasing the sustainability awareness of the customers by the sales persons (along with the new sales model): Greet the customer. Proactively explain the customers about the sustainability commitment of the company. Make the customers aware of the communal and environmental sustainability practices of the company. Demonstrate the ethical services and products of the company. Collect feedback from the customers to evaluate their sustainability awareness. Service Specifications The table below describes the renegotiated services to be provided under this service agreement. Service Scope Increasing customer sustainability awareness training 4,000 employees Training on increasing customer satisfaction 4,000 employees Fees and Payment Terms The renegotiated fee details for the services provided under this agreement. Service Fee Payment Term Penalty by TYWU to AH for offset costs $100,000 Paid to date Additional bonus payment $200,000 Paid on successful completion of training by the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 Service Level Targets Services provided under this renegotiated will be measured against the following performance standards and timeframes (along with the sales model training). Service Performance standard and timeframe Increasing customer sustainability awareness training 4,000 employees by the end of the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 Training on increasing customer satisfaction 4,000 employees by the end of the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 Average assessment score 95% Monitoring and Reporting Services will be monitored according to the following renegotiated reporting schedule. Service Report Timing Increasing customer sustainability awareness training Audit of the training and assessment records Completed by the end of the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 Training on increasing customer satisfaction Line manager and third party reports Completed by the end of the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 Average assessment score Assessment records Completed by the end of the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 On a concluding note, it can be stated that the business scenario of AH can be remarkably improved with the proposed training program by TYWU. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the training program by the end of the fourth quarter of FY 2015-16 will generate positive outcomes that will be beneficial for achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. References Krn, S. (2014). Analysing customer satisfaction and quality in constructionthe case of public and private customers.Nordic journal of surveying and real estate research,2. Maglio, P. P., Spohrer, J. (2013). A service science perspective on business model innovation.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), 665-670. Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Sorescu, A., Sorescu, S. M. (2016). Customer Satisfaction and Long-Term Stock Returns.Journal of Marketing,80(5), 110-115. Yadav, B. (2014). Effect of corporate resilience training program on employees' engagement.International Journal of Education and Management Studies,4(4), 330.

The Soviet Socialist Leader Essays - Vladimir Lenin, Marxism

The Soviet Socialist Leader Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, more popularly known as Lenin, is arguably the greatest leader in Russian and Soviet Union History. Lenin inspired and led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution of 1917, and was the architect and first head of the recently dismantled United Soviet Socialist Republic. I would also argue that the Bolshevik Revolution is the most significant political event of the 20th century, and Lenin must for good or ill be regarded as the century's most significant political leader. Not only in the scholarly circles of the former Soviet Union but even among many non-Communist scholars, he has been regarded as both the greatest revolutionary leader and revolutionary statesman in history, as well as the greatest revolutionary thinker since Marx. Lenin's considerable leadership power stemmed primarily from his visions and the passionate manners in which he conveyed them. This was never more evident than during the Communist Revolution. Lenin did not have a great military mind, nor his generals and advisors, and thus he created some of the more serious military blunders of the century. However, Lenin was able to continually inspire the Bolshevik army despite their many defeats. Outnumbered, outgunned, starving, freezing, and exhausted, Lenin's motivated army defeated the Mensheviks in 1918 and seized control of the Russian government. Adding to the amazement of his leadership ability, Lenin controlled the Bolshevik revolution from another country. Lenin fled to Switzerland for the greater portion of the 1917 Revolution to escape possible capture and execution. While in Switzerland, he authored many idealist works, including Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916). In this book, Lenin argued that the world war was an inevitable outcome of Western capitalism and imperialism, whereby the capitalist states of Europe had come to rely upon aggressive foreign expansion in order to maintain economic profits. Lenin was able to use that notion and similar ideas to gain support from the civilian sector, as well. Not only did Lenin believe in Socialism, but he knew he would also be able to sell the idea to others. While the Western world views Communism, Marxism, and Leninism as deprave, the Russian peasants at the time were searching for something or anything that promised prosperity. In Lenin's public addresses and interviews, he emphasized the Socialist ideals of unity, equality, and, of course, prosperity. It is easy in the Western world, where the good of the one is often allowed to outweigh the good of the many, to see the flaws of Socialism and Communism. However, Lenin's beliefs and methods have nothing to do with his great leadership power. We do not have to agree with him to recognize his abilities. Whether wittingly or not, I believe Lenin deceived the Russian population. Regardless, though, he was able to influence an entire country to follow his lead. Governmental Issues

President John Adams Fast Facts

President John Adams Fast Facts John Adams (1735-1826) was one of Americas founding fathers. He is often seen as the forgotten president. He had been quite influential at the First and Second Continental Congresses. He nominated George Washington to be the first President. He also helped write the treaty that officially ended the American Revolution. However, he only served one year as president. The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts harmed his reelection and legacy.   Following is a list of fast facts for John Adams. You can also read the: John Adams BiographyTop 10 Things You Should Know About John Adams Birth: October 30,  1735 Death: July 4, 1826 Term of Office: March 4, 1797-March 3, 1801 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term First Lady: Abigail Smith John Adams Quote: Let me have my farm, family and goose quill, and all the honors and offices this world has to bestow may go to those who deserve them better and desire them more. I court them not. Additional Adams Quotes Major Events While in Office: XYZ Affair (1797)Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)Navy Department and Marine Corps Created (1798)Capital moved to Washington, D.C. (1800)Library of Congress established (1800)Midnight Appointments (1801) John Adams Quotes: The people, when they have been unchecked, have been as unjust, tyrannical, brutal, barbarous, and cruel, as any king or senate possessed of uncontrollable power. The majority has eternally, and without one exception, usurped over the rights of the minority. If national pride is ever justifiable or excusable it is when it springs, not from power or riches, grandeur or glory, but from  conviction  of national innocence,  information  and benevolence.... The history of our Revolution will be one continued lie from one end to the other. The essence of the whole will be that Dr. Franklins electrical rod smote the earth and out sprang General Washington. That Franklin electrified him with his rod - and  thenceforward  these two conducted all the policies, negotiations, legislatures, and war. The balance of power in a society accompanies the balance of property in land. My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived. (Upon being elected as the first  Vice President) I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this house and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof. (Upon moving into the White House) I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy. Did you ever see a portrait of a great man without perceiving strong traits of pain and anxiety? Every man in [Congress] is a great man, an orator, a critic, a statesman; and therefore every man upon every question must show his oratory, his criticism, and his political abilities. Modesty is a virtue that can never thrive in public. Related John Adams Resources: These additional resources on John Adams can provide you with further information about the president and his times. The Boston MassacreJohn Adams was an attorney for the defense during the aftermath of the Boston Massacre. But who was to blame for the Massacre? Was it truly an act of tyranny or just an unfortunate event of history? Read the conflicting testimonies here. Revolutionary WarThe debate over the Revolutionary War as a true revolution will not be resolved. However, without this struggle America might still be part of the British Empire. Find out about the people, places and events that shaped the revolution. Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris officially ended the American Revolution. John Adams was one of the three Americans sent to negotiate the treaty. This provides the complete text of this historic treaty. Other Presidential Fast Facts George WashingtonThomas JeffersonList of American Presidents

Deadweight Tonnage

Deadweight Tonnage Deadweight tonnage (DWT) refers to the carrying capacity of a vessel. Deadweight tonnage can be figured by taking the weight of a vessel which is not loaded with cargo and subtracting that figure from the weight of the vessel loaded to point where it is immersed to the maximum safe depth. This depth is noted with a marking on the ships hull, the Plimsoll line. The safe depth varies by the time of year and water density and, in the case of DWT, the summer freeboard line is the measurement used. The displacement of water due to the load is measured in metric tons (tonnes or 1,000 kilograms). The deadweight tonnage includes not only cargo, but also the weight of fuel, ballast, passengers and crew, and all of the provisions. It only excludes the weight of the ship itself. Example A vessel that weighs 2000 tons unloaded carries 500 tons crew and supplies. It can take on 500 tons of cargo in port, at which time it floats at the summer line of its Plimsoll line. The deadweight of this vessel would, therefore, be 1000 tons. Deadweight Tonnage vs. Displacement Tonnage Deadweight tonnage is distinct from  displacement tonnage, which includes the weight of the ship as well as its carrying capacity. Lightweight tonnage is the weight of the ship itself, including the hull, decking, and machinery, but not including ballast or any supplies that could be consumed, such as fuel and water (except for the liquids in the engine room systems). Deadweight tonnage is the displacement tonnage minus the lightweight tonnage.

Compensation strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compensation strategy - Essay Example Improvements in the strategy would be suggested at the end of the paper. McDonalds, in its values, regards its employees as an important part of the system. They state that they are committed to their people and ‘provide opportunity, nurture talent, develop leaders and reward achievement’ (Mission and Values, 2013). A typical McDonald’s restaurant has 8 levels of hierarchy. These are shown in Figure 1. In each restaurant, McDonalds usually employs 60 individuals. These mainly consist of the crew members who occupy the lowest rung of the organizational hierarchy. The job of the crew members is clear cut without them having to take any decisions. They have to prepare the food the standard way, serve the customers and maintain an efficient work and service flow within the restaurant. Above the crew members are the training crew, floor managers, shift running floor managers, trainee managers and assistant mangers. Like the job of the crew members, the job of these employees is also quite standard. Each day, they have to follow the same steps without them having to take any decisions or choices in their roles. The managers are the controlling head of the restaurant. They are responsible for running the daily operations within the restaurant and have to handle and monitor the rest of the employees. These managers are responsible for sales of the restaurant and for providing training to the employees placed below them. McDonald’s in UAE, similar to McDonalds is every other country hires on the basis on equal opportunity. McDonalds has a strong commitment towards diversity and inclusion. It therefore disregards any difference of color, race, religion, age or gender when employing or paying its workers. The average salary of an employee within McDonald’s varies from region to region. In most countries, employees are paid on hourly basis. However, in UAE, hourly pay is not common and employees are paid

Cigerette smoking among adolescents in Saudi Arabia Essay

Cigerette smoking among adolescents in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example More than 90 percent of adult smokers report that they started smoking as adolescents.†(Brody 2008). â€Å"A study by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, concludes that cigarette manufacturers have marketed brands to what is called as â€Å"vulnerable population† of adolescents by â€Å"manipulating sensory elements of cigarettes to promote initiation and dependence.† (Saul 2008). â€Å"Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in secondary schools in Philippines. The male students are twice more likely than female students to have ever smoked cigarettes (57.0% vs. 32.0%, respectively). Prevalence of ever smoking increases with the students’ year level and age.† (Results, n.d. pp.11-21). A study was conducted by University College London, to determine the prevalence of smoking among Chinese secondary school students. Of the 6674 respondents, 15.9% (25.7% of the boys, 5.4% of the girls) were ever smokers. Only 0.3% was regular smokers. Of the ever smokers, 41.9% had smoked before 10 years of age and 7.9% before 5 years of age.† (Hesketh, Ding & Tomkins 2001, pp.1653-5). â€Å"Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in Philippines, which was a secondary school, based survey. Among those who have ever smoked, 13% reported to have first tried cigarette smoking before age 10 years, with female students more likely to have first tried than male students (15.4% vs. 11.0%, respectively). A greater proportion of younger students, age less than 12 years (30%) and those in lowest year level (15.3%), have reported to have first tried smoking before age 10 years.† (Results, n.d. p.1). In a study performed in male secondary schools in Saudi Arabia, between the ages of fourteen years to nineteen years;† Out of 289 school adolescents, 50 reported that they had ever smoked. Regular smokers (daily and weekly?) (this taken as such from journal) constituted 84% of all smokers (giving 14.5% prevalence); three were experimental smokers.† (Abolfotouch et al

Communication and Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Communication and Information Technology Essay Technological advancement have improved and eased the communication process. With the world revolving around technology, almost all tasks have been simplified consequently reducing the number of hours that one can perform a certain task. It has helped in the organizing information, thus enabling access and retrieval of information easy. The use of technology has helped many organizations cut on costs at the same time increasing efficiency and promptness in service delivery. In the medical arena, most of the up to the standard hospitals or healthcare systems have adopted the use of technology in delivering of their services. This has brought about comfortably and the feeling of appreciation to the patient or the person who is being served as it gives an aura of value for money and the sense of embrace of technology in this technological era. Electronic Medical Records is one of these technologies (Kluge, 2001). With the capacity to hold limitless information and being able to be changed to fit the current need, this technology has helped in the healthcare practitioners to deliver services in a more organized manner and without having delays as compared to if everything was done manually. Consequentially, this reduces costs and improves the picture of the organization at the same time fostering monitoring ability of the organization of the number of clients visiting the healthcare facility. Electronic Medical Record is computerized kind of information keeping in which information is compressed as it is converted in a digital format. This allows for consumption of minimal space while keeping the office of operation clean, tidy and attractive (Fins, 2008). This creation of space enables the expansion of services offered in the healthcare facility as there is more space of operation. Access of information becomes easy and convenient thus increasing the morale of the staff in service delivery. It offsets the possibility of committing unnecessary mistakes while delivering services because of handwritten records which are not legible. This program makes it possible transfer information from one healthcare system to another thus making it possible to treat patients in the shortest time possible as their medical records are delivered in the shortest time possible electronically. By use of this technology, it is possible for parents to monitor their kids’ wellbeing without having extra cost of travelling to where they are to check on their progress. It also makes it possible for patients to assess their medical record and also get their results without much problem of waiting till they are given to them manually. Other electronic communication delivery services like the use of voice over have helped in the reduction of the amount of work that one does in calling patients manually so that they can be attended to. It is just a simple task of just announcing a patients name and they go to the corresponding room in which they will be served. This has increased efficiency and effectiveness in serving clients (Fins, 2008). This sets a kind of an order which they patients follow and allowing for easy dissemination of information, loud enough for everyone to hear, thus, patients do not have to suffer the discomfiture of not having heard their names being mentioned by a caller physically since this system is fitted with speakers loud enough to be heard clearly. Other technologies like the Practice management software ensure the smooth running of the healthcare system giving medical practitioners a humble time in their operations on a daily basis. This wads off possibilities of confusion and lets them (medical practitioners) operate in an orderly manner. The information which this software can handle is all inclusive and does not only include the client’s bio data but also other aspects of the healthcare organization like bills and transactions going on. (Klug, 2001) It works just the same way as the EMR only that it comprises of the management aspect of healthcare system in its daily operations. Apart from keeping a track on patients’ conditions and appointments, the system is used to develop bills and keep a record on the same so that thee reports can be used whenever need arises. It keeps every transaction and activity on record so that it becomes possible for any practitioner to know what was done the previous day and by who, which patient was attended to and by who so that he/she is able to know exactly where to start as concerns a specific task. This just as the EMRs has a way of cutting costs and increasing effectiveness. This is because all information as concerns any patient is stored electronically and retrieved with ease when need arises, thus avoiding the possibility of confusing one’s medical data with another persons (Fins, 2008). This enables a medical practitioner to prescribe the right medicine to the right person while at the same time allowing for generation of information about the right bills for the client in accordance to the medical procedures and medication accorded to him or her. Other systems like the electronic health systems keep a full medical history of a patient. It keeps essential information that can be used by the doctor or any medical practitioner to offer quick and effective diagnosis of a patient. All healthcare reports about a certain patient are stored in this system including drugs prescribed to the patient every time he/she attends that healthcare facility. It is also inclusive of all test results of that particular patient as well as x-rays and the response of the patient towards a certain medication. All this information is essential for up to level health care treatment of any patient. It keeps off the agony of a patient for having to answer tedious questions about their past medical history every time they visit a healthcare facility, as information about them is stored electronically and retrieved on every visit. This medical history is updated time to time on the occasions that a client visits for the purpose of seeking for treatment. The use of electronic technology in healthcare systems has more pros than cons. This is because as enumerated above, it has advantages to both the client and the healthcare facility. The fact that it increases efficiency and effectiveness can not be underscored while at the same time reducing operating costs of the facility. Clients are served to their liking and while their medical record is kept safely and is retrieved during the time of need with a lot of ease (Kluge, 2001). One of the major disadvantages is that information about a patient can be copied maliciously and tampered with. If the entire system should break down, then volumes and volumes of information are lost. It would be a good thing if all the above system could be integrated into one piece. This will ease operation even more as all the operations are under one click of a ‘mouse’. It could also be improved in such a way that clients can access their information wherever and whenever they are. Reference Fins, J. (2008). Web of Care: How Will the Electronic Medical Record Change Medicine? The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 38, pp. 67-88 Kluge, E. (2001). The Ethics of Electronic Patient Record

CHINA TAIWAN :: essays research papers

Taiwan opposition leader James Soong urged the island's independence-leaning leaders to take advantage of his "bridge-building" trip to mainland China to seek cross-strait peace. "People from both sides of the strait are longing for peace ... Mainland leaders have also showed sincerity in improving cross-strait relations," Soong told reporters at the airport upon return from his nine-day visit to China. He added Friday that China had announced a number of concrete steps to boost bilateral ties, including a promise to push for direct air links in 2006. "Peace is in our own hands," said Soong, chairman of the People First Party. Pushing for independence for Taiwan, he warned, could destroy peace prospects. China sees Taiwan as part of its territory awaiting eventual reunification since they split at the end of the civil war in 1949 and has regularly threatened to invade if the island moves towards formal independence. Soong also said Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian had "promised not to promote independence through constitutional amendments". He was referring to Saturday's elections, in which voters were to elect a 300-member National Assembly to decide on a package of constitutional reforms, including whether referenda could be used to amend the constitution. Beijing has opposed referenda, which it sees as a step Taiwan could take toward declaring formal independence. Saturday's poll is seen as a litmus test of support for the island's independence-minded leaders and the opposition, who favour closer ties with China, following recent visits there by two opposition leaders. Soong's trip followed the historic visit to China by Lien Chan, chairman of the main opposition Kuomintang party. Both Lien and Soong said their trips were meant to bridge differences between the two rival governments and pave the way for peace talks. Beijing also agreed to simplify visa application procedures for Taiwanese and to offer incentives to Taiwanese studying on the mainland, according to a joint statement released after Soong's talks with China's Hu Jintao. Hu and Soong also pledged to push for cross-strait peace talks under a "two sides, one China" principle and oppose independence for Taiwan. President Chen, who stresses Taiwan's independence and sovereignty, immediately rejected the peace overture. "Should we accept the 'one-China principle', Taiwan would be Hong Kong-ized and become part of the People's Republic of China, a scenario which is by no means acceptable to the 23 million people in Taiwan," Chen said Thursday.

Productivity Measurement at National, International and Firm Level

Productivity Measurement at International, National and organization level. PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT Productivity measurement is the quantification of both the output and input resources of a productive system. The goal of productivity measurement is productivity improvement, which involves a combination of increased effectiveness and a better use of available resources. While productivity can be given the sort of short hand definition as the ratio between output and input USE OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES Productivity is a required tool in evaluating and monitoring the performance of an organization, especially a business organization.When directed at specific issues and problems, productivity measures can be very powerful. In essence, productivity measures are the yardsticks of effective resource use. Managers are concerned with productivity as it relates to making improvements in their firm. Proper use of productivity measures can give the manager an indication of how to improve produc tivity: either increase the numerator of the measure, decrease the denominator, or both. Managers are also concerned with how productivity measures relate to competitiveness.If two firms have the same level of output, but one requires less input this is due to a higher level of productivity, that firm will be able to charge a lower price and increase its market share or charge the same price as the competitor and enjoy a larger profit margin. Within a time period, productivity measures can be used to compare the firm's performance against industry-wide data, compare its performance with similar firms and competitors, compare performance among different departments within the firm, or compare the performance of the firm or individual departments within the firm with the measures obtained at an earlier time.Productivity measures can also be used to evaluate the performance of an entire industry or the productivity of a country as a whole. These are aggregate measures determined by com bining productivity measures of various companies, industries, or segments of the economy. NATIONAL LEVEL MEASUREMENT Since productivity is one of the basic variables governing economic production activity some mention of national productivity concerns would be appropriate. As a matter of fact, productivity may be the most important variable governing economic production activity.It is the fundamental controllable factor in wealth production. Since other economic variables depend on it, increasing productivity tends to have a beneficial multiplying effect on other economic variables. Improving productivity is of national importance because, for a society to increase its standard of living, it must first increase productivity. Overall productivity for individual countries is calculated by dividing output, as measured by GDP or GNP, by the country's total population.Thus, productivity is measured as the dollar value per capita outputs. An increase in this measure of productivity means that each person in the country, on average, produced more goods and services. Also if productivity increases, then profits increase. The resulting profits can then be used to pay for wage increases (inherent in inflation) without having to raise prices. In this way, productivity gains actually help curb inflation. It has been estimated that technology was responsible for at least half of the growth in productivity.It would appear, then, that if the country wants to continue to increase productivity, technology may be the key. ORGANIZATION LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT For an individual firm or industry, measures of gross output, combined with labour, capital and intermediate inputs, correspond directly to a specific model of a production function with â€Å"neutral† or â€Å"output-augmenting† technical change. When multifactor productivity[MFP] measures are based on such a gross-output concept, MFP growth approximates the rate of neutral, disembodied technical chan ge.Alternatively, MFP measures could be based on a value-added concept where value added is considered a firm’s output and only primary inputs are taken as a firm’s input. Value- added based productivity measures reflect an industry’s capacity to contribute to economy- wide income and final demand. In this sense, they are valid complements to gross-output based measures. At the aggregate level of the economy, gross-output and value-added based measures converge when gross-output measures are defined as sectoral output.Sectoral output is a measure of production corrected for deliveries within a given sector. From this perspective also, gross-output and value-added based measures are complements. A useful strategy in the development of productivity measures is to start with aggregate value-added based productivity measures: the necessary data tends to be relatively easily available and the choice between gross output and value added makes less difference than at t he detailed industry level.INTERNATIONAL LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT NEED Interlinked monetary systems Technology/ service transfer Domestic and regional competitions Valuable tool for evaluation Problems of Productivity Measurements at International Level In exchange rate measurements (often prices of similar goods not compared). All industrial level data not available. Social, Political, cultural factors not included. Data for developing countries is lacking.

Impact of American Media on Caribbean Culture

Stewart-Andre Wilkinson 409001306 Impact of American media on Caribbean media culture and music Rap, Hip Hop, Pop, Fashion; all these are areas in which the culture of North America has influenced the culture in the Caribbean. To be able to determine the full extent to which American culture affects the Caribbean, we must first define what Caribbean culture is. In its broadest definition it is the actions and way of life practiced by the people who live amongst the islands of the Caribbean Sea that stretch from the Bahamas in the north to Guyana in the south. Caribbean culture as the result of the violent mixture of indigenous people from Quisqueya, Xaymaca, Borinquen and Cuba, European immigrants who invaded these territories and African slaves brought to work in the gold mines, sugar plantations and sugar mills† (Wilson 1998). The culture of the Caribbean has been developing over centuries and due to its dynamic nature it changes with the presence of external pressures. The l argest external force affecting Caribbean culture is in the form of North America; the main instrument used to cause this influence is the media.Although America’s impact is diverse, one of the major impacts it has is on the media culture and music in the Caribbean. This article will discuss how American media has affected the local media in Caribbean territories and the music industry in the region in three main ways: 1. The change in popular music in the Caribbean; 2. Treatment of local celebrities versus foreign celebrities. 3. Impact on Carnivals and television. The first major impact that American media has had on the region is on the perception of popular music.In the past reggae and calypso were the music genres of choice and the many songs produced could be heard regularly on the radios. Reggae originated in Jamaica but has found its way throughout the region so that the popular songs were sung by everyone. Calypso music which came out of Trinidad was heard throughout the region; popular artist such as The Mighty Sparrow were well known throughout the Caribbean. This is not to suggest that there was no music which came from America, because they were several popular groups and songs which originated from the United States, such as The Platters, The Drifters and The Temptations.What is noteworthy is that these songs were still popular but they would never be heard more than the local or regional music. This ratio is much different than what is heard today. â€Å"Hip hop and Top 40 tunes stream from radios as much, if not more than Soca, calypso and reggae. † (Cummings-Yeates, 2000). This can be clearly seen in the amount of airtime that the respective genres are played on the radio. Calypso is only heard in high quantities around the time of Crop Over in Barbados; reggae is heard in small amounts as is the genre of dub.In contrast to these is the fixation on American music such as Pop which is at the moment the most popular genre of music. Turn on the radio at any given time to the most popular on radio stations and you are probably going to hear music originating from the United States. There is a notion that since it comes from America the standard must be of the highest quality. Within the songs of local artists, this notion of America being the standard can be seen; their voices as well as the melody of the songs follow the pattern which is set by the United States, there is hardly any resemblance of the local customs or traits.The second impact that is observed is how local celebrities are treated in contrast to international celebrities. There is an old saying, â€Å"A king is never welcomed in his own kingdom†; this has proven true for local celebrities within the region, especially in Barbados. Local singers and actors are viewed as amateurs; this is also related to the notion of American music and film being the benchmark. â€Å"Young people idolize celebrities from ‘foreign’ more than t heir own, homegrown role models† (Cummings-Yeates, 2000).This idolizing can have a grave impact on the youth of the region. Multiple studies in Trinidad found that â€Å"The more hours Trinidadian female adolescents spent watching American sitcoms, the less satisfied they are with their body image†¦(and) also resulted in the increase in the adolescents? awareness and internalization of the American norms and expectations for thinness, as well as the pressures to adopt those norms and expectations† (Ferguson, 2011). This behavior is not shown towards local celebrities; they are seen as being no better than the other locals.On the contrary the foreign celebrities are idolized and imitated. Thirdly, the impact that America has on the various cultured festivals or carnivals is uncanny. This impact can be directly related to the importance of tourism in the region. The respective festivals within the region usually had some cultural or traditional significance to it. In Barbados for example, the festival of Crop Over had with it the Queen and King of the Harvest, these were main attractions of the festival; there were other traditional practices which had its roots in colonial days.With the switch to tourism as main source of foreign exchange for the country, the festival had to become more marketable for tourists. As a result the traditional features of the festival were no longer the focal point but rather the women and dancing of Kadooment. An example of this is the sidelining of calypso with it social commentary in favor of the more catchy Soca. Advertising on American are somewhat to blame for this because they don’t advertise the cultural side of the festival but only the sexual aspect which appeals to prospective tourists.On one hand there is the changing of the traditional festival but on the other hand there is also the introduction of new festivals from the United States which is bigger than the traditional festival. These include the materially-driven festival, Christmas as well as Easter, Father’s and Mother’s day. They are celebrated in the same fashion and characterized by the same extent of commercialism as in developed societies. It is the commercial aspect of the celebrations that marks the degree of Western influence.Finally another impact seen is through the domination of television which originates in America. Caribbean residents have become exposed to this culture difference through â€Å"the pervasive commoditization and consumption of the United States way of life via cable television and other instruments† (Baptiste, 1988). As stated by Baptiste the television has been one of the major instruments used; various shows and programs from the United States are shown. This can be contrasted to the lack of local programs that are aired. In conclusion then the impact that America has had on Caribbean media is immense.It is clear that through the popularity of the music that we lis ten to as well as how we treat our local celebrities in comparison to how we idolize the foreign celebrities that this is the case. The changes in the various Carnivals that are celebrated around the region give another testament to this. There was a change in the traditional Carnival to make it more marketable to the tourists as well as the influx of festivals from outside of the region which have become larger than traditional festivals. The change in the media coverage has also been a major impact on the region. References 1.Wilson, Carlos Guillermo. 1998. â€Å" Uprooted†. pp 43 2. Cummings- Yeates, Rosalind. 2000. Foreign invasion: American media images reshaping Caribbean culture. BlackVoices. com 3. Feguson, Clarabelle. 2011. The Relationship Between American Media Exposure and Trinidadian Female Adolescents’ Body Image Satisfaction. 4. Baptiste, Fitzroy A. 1988. â€Å"The Exploitation of Caribbean Bauxite and Petroleum, 1914-1945. † Social and Economic S tudies 37, nos. 1-2:107-42. 5. Baptiste, Fitzroy A. 1988. War, Cooperation and Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-1945. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press

Free Essays on Leibniz Moral Philosophy

, the deeds that promote more perfection in the world will also produce greater pleasure. Things, which produce good in themselves, will satisfy only the temporary needs while the deeds which will, in time, result to bigger amounts of perfection, will produce more lasting pleasures. In Leibniz's moral theory psychological egoism is reconciled with the possibility of altruism. It is also vital to have knowledge of the good and evil. Therefore we should get as much right knowledge as we can in order to recognize good as we see it. When we are enlightened enough, we are able to see what action brings about the most perfection. For this need Leibniz was interested in logic and reasoning. He dreamed of an universal... Free Essays on Leibniz' Moral Philosophy Free Essays on Leibniz' Moral Philosophy Leibniz had already developed the main characteristics of his moral philosophy. His ethics is thus of early origin. Ethics has a very central, not to say central, part in Leibniz's thought. Values are to him a central way of reflecting universal harmony besides theoretical knowledge. Leibniz's moral philosophy stayed relatively unchanged through his life while his other doctrines changed considerably by time. Leibniz sought to systematize moral philosophy, to analyze it to the most simple principles. Leibniz thought that will or our inner desire or desire to do something is central in human action. In Leibniz's doctrine will means active striving to some goal, which follows the subject's conceptions (opinio) of good and evil. This goal is the apparent good to the subject in question. And the apparent good is dependent on knowledge. As we know more, our judgment will refine and we can recognize greater goods. Goodness is the goal of decisions. Good is that which leads to ple! asure. According to Leibniz, we get pleasure out of realizing that we do virtuous deeds and at the same time promote universal perfection. That which serves to the perfection of intelligent substances will also contribute to their pleasure. In other words, the deeds that promote more perfection in the world will also produce greater pleasure. Things, which produce good in themselves, will satisfy only the temporary needs while the deeds which will, in time, result to bigger amounts of perfection, will produce more lasting pleasures. In Leibniz's moral theory psychological egoism is reconciled with the possibility of altruism. It is also vital to have knowledge of the good and evil. Therefore we should get as much right knowledge as we can in order to recognize good as we see it. When we are enlightened enough, we are able to see what action brings about the most perfection. For this need Leibniz was interested in logic and reasoning. He dreamed of an universal...

Using Caer, the Spanish Verb for Falling

Using Caer, the Spanish Verb for Falling The Spanish verb caer usually carries the idea of to fall and can be used in a variety of situations. While many of its uses can be translated using the English verb fall, a few cannot. Using Caer for To Fall and To Fall Over Here are some examples of everyday usage where caer is straightforwardly used for to fall or to fall over: El avià ³n cayà ³ en el ocà ©ano. (The plane fell into the ocean.)Si del cielo te caen limones, aprende a hacer limonada. (If lemons fall to you from the sky, learn to make lemonade.)Los barcos cayeron por las cataratas del Nigara. (The boats dropped over Niagara Falls.)El joven sufrià ³ un grave accidente al caer desde el tejado de la fbrica. (The youth had a serious accident when he fell from the factorys roof.)El coche cayà ³ por el barranco por causas que se desconocen. (The car fell over the cliff for unknown reasons.)El tanque se cayà ³ de un puente. (The tank fell off a bridge.) The same meaning can be applied figuratively: Exportaciones colombianas cayeron en 18,7 por ciento. (Colombian exports fell 18.7 percent.)El turismo en Bolivia cayà ³ por la gripe. (Bolivian tourism declined because of the flu.) Caer can also be used when speaking of weather: Las lluvias fuertes y prolongadas cayeron sobre Cuenca. (The strong and long-lasting rains fell on   Cuenca.)La extraordinaria belleza de la nieve que caà ­a le provocaba ms alegrà ­a. (The extraordinary beauty of the snow that fell made him more joyful.)Rompiendo un record, la temperatura cayà ³ 43 grados en tan solo una semana. (Breaking a record, the temperature fell 43 degrees in only a week.)   Using Caer for To Succumb Caer is frequently used to indicate the idea of succumbing or being overtaken by a force of some sort, or to fall into an error. The translation can vary with the context. La cantante confesà ³ que cayà ³ en la anorexia y la bulimia. (The singer admitted that she sank into anorexia and bulimia.)Caà ­ en la tentacià ³n de ser infiel. (I succumbed to the temptation of being unfaithful.)El hombre cayà ³ en la trampa del FBI. (The man fell into the FBIs trap.)No caigas en el error de prometer lo que no puedes conseguir. (Dont make the mistake of making promises you cannot keep.)Parà ­s cayà ³ bajo los tanques nazis. (Paris fell to the Nazi tanks.)Tras padecer un cncer, caà ­ en depresià ³n. (After suffering from cancer, I fell into depression.) Using Caer With Dates Caer can be used to mean that something falls on a particular date. It is used mostly commonly with days of the week. Este aà ±o mi cumpleaà ±os cae en jueves. (This year my birthday falls on a Thursday.)Si el dà ­a 30 de abril cae en domingo la fiesta se traslada al dà ­a 29. (If April 30th falls on a Sunday, the festival is moved to the 29th.) Using Caer To Indicate Compatibility Caer can be used with an indirect-object pronoun to suggest the idea of to get along with or to be OK with. The translation varies with context; often, a translation of to like or dislike will do. Me caen bien tus amigos. (I like your friends. Or, I get along with your friends.)Esto no va a caer muy bien a los otros equipos. (The other teams arent going to be pleased with this.)No me cayà ³ bien la decisià ³n. (I didnt like the decision. Or, the decision wasnt fine with me.)Ese desodorante le cae mal a mi piel. (That deodorant bothers my skin.) ¿Que profesores te caà ­an mejor? (Which teachers did you like best?)Me cayà ³ mal la comida. (The meal disagreed with me.) Conjugation of Caer Caer is conjugated irregularly. Irregular forms are shown in boldface below. Translations given are those most commonly used. Gerund:: cayendo (falling) Past participle: caà ­do (fallen) Present indicative:  caigo, tà º caes, el/ella/usted cae, nosotros/nosotras caemos, vosotros/vosotras caà ©is, ellos/ellas/ustedes caen (I fall, you fall, he/she falls, etc.) Preterite: yo caà ­, tà º caà ­ste, el/ella/usted cayà ³, nosotros/nosotras caà ­mos, vosotros/vosotras caà ­steis, ellos/ellas/ustedes cayeron (I fell, you fell, etc.) Present subjunctive: que caiga, que tà º caigas, que el/ella/usted caiga, que nosotros/nosotras caigamos, que vosotros/vosotras cagis, que ellos/ellas/ustedes caigan (that I fall, that you fall, etc.) Imperfect subjunctive: que yo cayera/cayese, que tà º cayeras/cayeses, que el/ella/usted cayera/cayese, que nosotros/nosotras cayà ©ramos/cayà ©semos, que vosotros/vosotras cayerais/cayeseis, que ellos/ellas/ustedes cayeran/cayesen (that I fell, that you fell, etc.) Affirmative imperative: cae tà º, caiga usted, caigamos nosotros, caed vosotros/vosotras, caigan ustedes (you fall, you fall, let us fall, etc.) Negative imperative: no caigas tà º, no caiga usted, no caigamos nosotros/nosotras, no cagis vosotros/vosotras, no caigan ustedes (dont you fall, dont you fall, let us fall, etc.)

Health Care Reform Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Care Reform - Assignment Example A week after the new health care reform was implemented, US insurance companies have been ceasing to offer health insurance policies that cover only children because of the fear that parents will wait until a child is ill before purchasing health insurance, and may drop the insurance after the child recovers (Tanne, 2010, n.p.). The new health care reform act of 2010 does not only extend insurance coverage among children but to all Americans as well. Changes on the new coverage of health care reform act affect both the government and uninsured population. Making health care affordable to all Americans will increase medical spending up to $ 1,600 or an increased in 70% per uninsured individual and savings in public programs are achieved because of changes in traditional payment changes in Medicare and Medicaid (Cutler, Davis, & Stremikis, 2010, 2). In addition, the new health care reform establishes insurance exchanges that will group individuals and small firms into larger entities, minimize marketing costs, and stronger oversight of industry practices. On the patient side, improvement in information are made available as well as the incentives and medical provision. Meanwhile, health care reform consequences include the excised of tax on premiums to give affordable health care to all Americans (Cutler, Davis, & Stremikis, 2010, 7), increase incidences of fraud and abuse in Medicare and Medicaid programs, and uneven distribution of health care costs to the patients with chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure, diabetes, and hypertension (Orszag & Emanuel, 2010, 602). Therefore, it is expected that medical spending will decrease over time because of improvement in health but expenses imposed on additional health care providers needed to provide care to all Americans passes the burden to premium member, open up opportunities for employers to abuse health insurances among workers, and limits monitoring check-ups of certain chronic conditions because of

The Glass Menagerie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Glass Menagerie - Essay Example C. He feels like a trapped animal that finally escapes its shackled existence. III: Amanda Wingfield’s illusionary world. A. Amanda is an old Southern belle who cannot accept her new status. B. She is partially guilty for her children’s faults. C. She tries to live in the present and past, unsuccessfully. The Difficulty of Accepting Reality Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie offers a minimal approach at the cost of an abundant plot and dramatic realism, so that he can portray â€Å"the totality of experience†¦ through symbolic implications, psychological action and lack of other distractions† (Bloom 19). His characters face such transformation that they find it impossible to relate to and cope with their present reality. Each member of the Wingfield family is unable to overcome this difficulty and each one of them withdraws into a private world of illusion where they find the comfort and meaning that the real world does not seem to offer. The phy sically and emotionally crippled Laura lives in a private world populated by glass animals, which are, just like her own inner self, dangerously delicate: â€Å"Oh, be careful - If you breathe, it breaks!† (Williams 64). Despite her problems, she harshly contrasts the other members of her household, with their selfishness and grudging sacrifices, by exalting pure compassion. She is also compared to a unicorn, a mythical being which is being referred to as extinct by Jim, and is also lonely, just like Laura due to its uniqueness. Once broken, it loses its magical traits and becomes just an ordinary horse which she gives to Jim as a souvenir, because it does not belong to her imaginative glass menagerie world any more, an enticing world grounded on fragile illusions. Unlike his sister, Tom is capable of functioning in the real world, as it is noted in his holding down a job and talking to strangers. He reads literature, he writes poetry and dreams of higher things in life, of e scape and adventure. Yet, he is inextricably bound to the squalid, petty world of the Wingfield household, as this is the only thing we get a deeper insight into. He bares his thoughts on his sister, mother, his warehouse job, precisely the things he claims he wishes to escape from. It becomes all too obvious that he has no more motivation than his sister in trying to obtain personal success, romantic relationships or even ordinary friendships, but just retreats into fantasies that literature, movies and drunkenness provide for him, until finally he leaves both his mother and sister behind, because as Williams puts it: â€Å"to escape from a trap, he has to act without pity† (Williams xiii). Their mother Amanda’s relationship with reality is the most complicated one. As an aged Southern belle who has lost all the major traits of one, she is partial to real world values and longs for social and financial success. She cannot accept her new status in society, Lauraâ€℠¢s peculiarity, the fact that Tom is not a real and successful businessman, and that she herself might be partially responsible for the flaws of her children. She yearns to make things better for all of them, yet she does it in all the wrong ways. Her retreat into illusion is in many ways more pathetic than that of her children’s, because she wistfully distorts reality, while at the same time, being painfully convinced she is not doing so. She tries desperately to hold on to both worlds, that of the present and the past, but realizes that both are crumbling beneath her

Investment between China and Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment between China and Africa - Essay Example The researcher states that many studies have shown that China is currently the major destination of foreign direct investment from many parts of the world. However, Chinese have also been aggressive in making investments in other foreign countries with African region being their major target. Just like many other developed countries, China has been engaged in a vicious competition with other countries like the USA and other developed European countries like the United Kingdom in the scramble for resources in Africa. This has been attributed by the fact that Africa is currently the leading continent with so much untapped potential that includes unexploited natural resources and availability of abundant business opportunities resulting from the undeveloped nature of most of its countries. This has made governments of various states apply different strategies in order to have at least a significant pie in these developing economies, one being creating good relationships. China is one of the giant economies in the world today has been applying all means possible in luring African countries to enter into treaties and good business relations, a factor that has made some of the major Chinese companies establish their operations in Africa. Some studies have shown that China is the leading bilateral trade partner with Africa, a two-way trade that has dramatically been growing in the past two decades through the major growth has experienced in the last one decade. In the year 2011, the bilateral trade between China and Africa is estimated to be over US$166 billion from US$10.6 billion in the year 2000. This growth can only be termed as incredible and is likely to grow at an even higher rate in the coming years.

Earnings Management and Accrual Accounting

Earnings Management and Accrual Accounting Contents (Jump to) Introduction Motivations for Earnings Management   Techniques 11 Groups to Manage Earnings Modified Jones Model   Limitations of the Earnings Management Models Implications and Application of Earnings Management References EARNINGS MANAGEMENT Introduction There has been significant attention placed on earnings management from regulators, the financial press, and academic researchers in recent years. Most are in agreement that earnings management does occur; however, there is no uniform definition for what it is or how to detect it. What are earnings and what is earnings management? Simply stated, earnings are the accounting profits of a company. Stakeholders (current or potential providers of debt and equity capital, employees, suppliers, customers, auditors, analysts, rating agencies, and regulators) use earnings to make important financial decisions. Many investors view earnings as value relevant data that is more informative than cash flow data. (Healy and Wahlen 1999) Others have suggested that current earnings are better predictors of future cash flows than are current cash flows. (Dechow 1994) In the US, these profits are derived using Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) a system based on the accrual method, which measures the performance and position of a company by recognizing economic events regardless of when cash transactions occur. The generalidea is thateconomic events are recognized by matching revenues to expensesat the time in which the transactionoccurs rather than when payment is made (or received). This methodallows the current cashinflows/outflowsto be combined withfuture expected cash inflows/outflowsto give a more accurate picture of a companys current financial condition.The objectives of financial reporting and how these relate to the definition of accrual accounting, as laid out by the FASB in various Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts: The primary focus of financial reporting is information about an enterprises performance provided by measures of earnings and its components [CON1, para. 43]. Accrual accounting attempts to record the financial effects on an entity of transactions, events, and circumstances that have cash consequences for the entity in the periods in which those transactions, events, and circumstances occur rather than only in the periods in which cash is received or paid by the entity [CON6, para. 139]. It uses accrual, deferral, and allocation procedures whose goal is to relate revenues, expenses, gains, and losses to periods to reflect an entitys performance during a period instead of merely listing its cash receipts and outlays. Thus, recognition of revenues, expenses, gains, and losses and the related increments or decrements in assets and liabilities including matching of costs and revenues, allocation, and amortization is the essence of using accrual accounting to measure performance of enti ties [CON6, para. 145]. The principal goal of accrual accounting is to help investors assess the entitys economic performance during a period through the use of basic accounting principles such as revenue recognition and matching. There is evidence that as a result of the accruals process, reported earnings tend to be smoother than underlying cash flows (accruals tend to be negatively related to cash flows) and that earnings provide better information about economic performance to investors than cash flows (Dechow 1994) This idea raises the following key questions: What is the objective of accrual accounting? How far should management go in helping investors form rational expectations about the firms performance through their accruals choices and when does this activity become earnings management? To the extent that these accruals choices often operate to smooth reported earnings relative to the underlying cash flows, when does the appropriate exercise of managerial discretion become earnings management? Perhaps by its very nature, accrual accounting dampens the fluctuations in an entitys underlying cash flows to generate a number that is more useful to investors (for assessing economic performance and predicting future cash flows) than current-period operating cash flows. To characterize this as earnings management, we need to define the point at which managers accrual decisions result in too much smoothing and becomes earnings management. To think more generally about how earnings management is defined, consider the following representative definitions from the academic literature: a purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process, with the intent of obtaining some private gain Schipper (1989) Earnings management occurs when managers use judgment in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company, or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers. Healy and Wahlen (1999) Although widely accepted, these definitions are difficult to operationalize directly using attributes of reported accounting numbers since they center on managerial intent, which is unobservable. Turning to the professional literature, clear definitions of earnings management are just as difficult to discern from pronouncements, statements, and speeches by regulators. An extreme form of earnings management, financial fraud, is well-defined (again in terms of managerial intent) as: the deliberate misrepresentation of the financial condition of an enterprise accomplished through the intentional misstatement or omission of amounts or disclosures in the financial statements to deceive financial statement users. (Certified Fraud Examiners, 1993) In recent speeches and writings, regulators at the SEC seem to have a broader concept in mind than financial fraud when they talk about earnings management, although a strict definition has not been made explicit. In particular, while financial reporting choices that explicitly violate GAAP can clearly constitute both fraud and earnings management, it also seems that systematic choices made within GAAP can also constitute earnings management according to recent SEC discussions. The notion that earnings management can occur within the bounds of GAAP is consistent with the academic definitions described above but is somewhat startling if the idea is that this type of earnings management will lead to explicit adverse consequences for managers and firms (in the form of SEC enforcement activity) in the same way as financial fraud. This is an important point because of the question as to whether income smoothing and other similar processes constitute earnings management and whether they ar e to be treated in the same manner as fraud. Former SEC Chairman Levitt indicated that flexibility in accounting allows firms to keep pace with business innovations. Abuses such as earnings management occur when people exploit this pliancy. Trickery is employed to obscure actual financial volatility. This in turn, masks the true consequences of managements decisions. (1998). This implies that within-GAAP choices can be considered to be earnings management if they are used to obscure or mask true economic performance, bringing us back again to managerial intent. This idea is reinforced by our reading of SAB 99, which also points to the intent to deceive. As accounting researchers have discovered, implementing this type of definition requires a reliable measure of the true consequences of managements decisions that is, the earnings number that would have resulted from a neutral operation of the process (absent some form of managerial intent). The crucial issues seems to be why firms choose to manage earnings, how do firms manage their earnings, how do we measure earnings management given that implementing GAAP requires management to make judgments and estimates, and what are the implications of earnings management. Motivation Management can have many motivations for managing their earnings. The ultimate motive for earnings management, however, is to aesthetically enhance the performance of a company in the eyes of its stakeholders. The literature cites motives such as stock market incentives, signaling or concealing private information, political cost, internal motives, lending contracts, management compensation contracts, and regulatory issues. A primary purpose of earnings management is to enhance the wealth of its stakeholders such as owners since they are hired by the board of directors and the board of directors is hired by the owners.   To enhance the benefits of the owners of a firm, management may manage earnings in order to meet analyst forecasts for present and future periods (Burgstahler and Eames 1998). An owner of that firms stock may be rewarded by the appreciation of its stock value which directly relates to the owners wealth. Meeting earnings forecast is an important factor on the stocks price. The more consensuses among analysts forecasts, the stronger incentive management has to meet those forecasts (Payne and Robb 2000).   Moreover, the direction of analysts recommendation (buy or sell) about a company can bias managements decision to manage earnings. If the company misses its earnings this can have a negative impact on stock returns and negatively impact managements compensation (Matsunaga and Park 2001).   However, if management can meet or beat analyst expectations, then this can result in higher stock returns (Bartov et al., 2002). The management of earnings has also been seen prior to a firms equity offering such as seasoned equity offers (Teoh, Welch, and Wong 1998b), initial public offerings (Teoh, Welch, and Wong 1998a; Teoh, Wong, and Rao 1998), and stock financed acquisitions (Erickson and Wang 1999). Management may have the incentive to signal positive information or to conceal negative information.   If a firm is performing poorly or having financial struggles, management may conceal this performance using earnings management (Rosner 2003). On the other hand, management may want to signal the firms future performance by revealing more information about a companys future earnings and cash flow prospects (Tucker and Zarowin 2006). Earnings management can also be used to shift earnings to other periods for optimal tax planning (Shane and Stock 2006). The shifting of earnings for tax purposes can be a sign of strength. Other reasons to manage earnings can include meeting bank loan covenants. In order to maintain bank loan covenants, management may have to achieve a certain level of earnings. Failure to reach the requisite earnings can cause the lender to call the loans due, creating liquidity problems for the firm and signaling firm weakness to the bank and other creditors. The li terature finds that firms that have violated covenants are more likely to manage earnings, possibly to prevent future defaults (Sweeney 1994).   When earnings management is conducted, managers use it as a tool to enhance perception of their management capabilities during the current reporting period, implying that this type of performance will continue in future reporting periods. They expect to be compensated handsomely for their business acumen.   However, Guidry et al. (1998) found that divisional managers for large multinational firms are likely to defer income when the earnings target in their bonus plan will not be met. This indicates that management is willing to take a bath in the current period in order to reap the benefits in a future period.   Moreover, it was found in Murphy (2001) that management is more likely to smooth earnings when using internal performance standards (budget goals and prior year) than external standards. Another form of compensation manipulation happens when there is a cap on the bonus awards. Then management is more likely to report an accrual that defers income when the cap is reached ( Healy 1985 and Hotausen et al, 1995). Furthermore, management may manage earnings depending on whether they are joining or leaving the firm. A new CEO may be inclined to downwards earnings management (transferring the benefit to future periods), while a retiring CEO may use upward earnings management (reaping the benefits in the current period) (Godfrey et al., 2003). Certain businesses have regulatory requirements to stay in business. A popular study of earnings management in the literature is the application by banks to manage earnings in order to meet capital requirements and by insurance companies to manage earnings to meet risk regulatory requirements. The literature supports evidence that when banks are close to minimum capital requirements they overstate loan loss provisions, understate loan write-offs, and recognize abnormal realized gains on securities portfolios (Moyer 1990; Scholes et al. 1990; Beatty et al. 1995; Collins et al. 1995). Additionally, financially weak property casualty insurers that risk regulatory attention understate claim loss reserves (Petroni 1992). The literature has also shown that firms facing anti-trust or potential anti-trust scrutiny are likely to use earnings management. These firms or others vulnerable to adverse political consequences have incentives to manage earnings to appear less profitable (Watts and Zi mmerman 1978). Moreover, firms under investigation for anti-trust violations reported income decreasing abnormal accruals in investigation years (Cahan 1992). Techniques Earnings Management can take place by underestimating or overestimating either revenues or expenses. It can be done to affect future earnings as well as current earnings. There are two main types: Cosmetic Earnings Management using accounting choices from GAAP: also called accrual based earnings management. It happens when managers use their judgment and discretion to make choices related to accounting principles that can alter earnings in the current or a future period. An example is the modification of depreciation rates, where an increase (decrease) in the expense may occur in the current period leading to a decrease (increase) in the future (Nelson et. al. 2003). Real-Activity Earnings Management using operating decisions: this type of earnings management is when managers make decisions that affect the real operations in the firm. This type is more dangerous both to the firm and to the managers. Managers would be at a higher risk of being caught. As for the firms, real activities earnings management affects the cash flow, and consequently has a higher impact on the companys future. For example, a manager can give discounted sales prices in order to boost sales and consequently meet some target revenues (Roychowdhury 2006). The most popular and successful techniques used to manage earnings can be categorized into 11 groups: 1. Cookie jar (Cosmetic): managers create a reserve or a financial slack to boost earnings in future periods by recording more expenses in the present. For example, when the manager reports higher inventory cost in the current period, it will allow him to reduce this in the future. (Levitt 1998) 2. Big bath (Cosmetic): when the management decides to eliminate or restructure a subsidiary or an operation, GAAP permits the management to record an estimate charge against the income. Managers can record higher charges to dissimulate other charges. (Levitt 1998) 3. Big bet on the future (Cosmetic): when a company acquires another one, managers can get an immediate earnings boost by including the acquired companys earnings in consolidated earnings. On the other hand, to boost future earnings, managers can write-off the acquired in-progress RD costs against present earnings, and thus protecting future earnings from these charges. (Levitt 1998) 4. Flushing of investment portfolio (Real): passive investments (less than 20% ownership) can be classified as trading securities (reported in operating income) or available-for-sale securities (not reported in operating income until sold). Earnings can be managed by timing sales (sell securities that gained (lost) value to increase (decrease) earnings) or reclassifying the security portfolio (from trading security to available for sale to move gain or loss from or to the income statement) 5. Throw out a problem child (Real): When a subsidiary underperforms, it decreases the overall company earnings. It is usually expected to cause a bigger decrease in the future. Managers may act in several ways to counter that: sell the underperforming subsidiary and consequently report a gain or a loss (based on the managers discretion). Another way is to spin-off the subsidiary by distributing or exchanging the shares with current shareholders and in this way the burden is transferred to the latter. 6. Change in GAAP (Cosmetic): Management can manage earnings by undergoing changes to the present accounting standards. For example, it may volunteer for early adoption of new accounting standards, such as the 1985s standard, which allowed companies whose pension assets exceeded their pension liabilities to count the difference as income (Lev 1989). This technique allows for improved revenue and improved expense recognition. 7. Amortization, Depreciation, and Depletion (Cosmetic): Writing-off long-term assets can be managed by selecting write-off method and period, estimating salvage value, or reclassifying as non-operating use. 8. Sale/Leaseback and asset exchange (Real): selling a long-term asset that has unrealized gain (loss) can be used to manage earnings. For example, selling a building, which is carried in the balance sheet at $25 million, for $40 million, will give a boost to the current earnings by $15 million (not considering tax and transaction costs). Another way is to sell the building and lease it back (recording gains or losses). However, if the management wishes not to record any gains or losses, the long-term asset could be exchanged with a similar one (for example for exchanging a warehouse for another one that is nearer to a production site) 9. Operating vs. Non-operating Income (Cosmetic): Income items can be classified as Operating income (recurring or core income, expected to continue in the future) or non-operating income (non-recurring, not expected to affect future). GAAP permits to management to classify an item as one or the other. The managers judgment will then affect the financial analysts forecasts, which are based on the operating or core earnings. For instance, disposition of a major manufacturing plant can be classified either as special charges (Operating income) or discontinued charges (non-operating income) based on the managers discretion. 10.Early Retirement of Corporate Debt (Real): Managers may decide to prematurely sell long-term corporate debts (bonds) which are usually recorded at an amortized value. The timing of the sale may lead to gains or losses due to the difference between the amortized value and the book value. 11.Stock buybacks (Real): This technique does not affect earnings, however it does affect earnings per share. By repurchasing their own shares, an act that is considered internal and thus not required to be reported under GAAP, companies will report higher EPS. Consider a company with 1 million shares. If the earnings are $4 million, EPS = $4 million/1million shares = $4 per share. Now if the company buys back 100,000 shares, the same earnings would have to be divided by 900,000 shares, the reported EPS would be $4.44 per share. Earnings Management Models and The Accrual Generation Process Accruals have the desirable traits of giving summary measures of firms income and accounting choice.   In earnings management research, accruals are divided into discretionary (DA) and non-discretionary (NDA). Most research has focused on the detection of DA. It is customary to start earnings management studies with the study of behavior of sales over time. First, in the budgeting process, sales determine the firms production and inventory levels, which in turn determine cost of goods sold, operating expenses, and investment decisions. Second, sales have the highest persistence of any component of the income statement. Therefore, sales are an efficient statistic for describing the characteristics of the firm. The fundamental element of any test for earnings management is a measure of management discretion over earnings. Most studies use DA as a proxy for earnings management. Because DA cannot be observed directly from the financial statement, they have to be estimated using some kind of model. The literature has followed different approaches. According to McNichols (2000), the models can be broadly classified into 3 groups: aggregate accrual models, specific accrual models, and frequency distribution models.   Because of their wide use, we discuss the aggregate accrual models as follows: Models Starting with the first and simplest models, both Healy (1985) and DeAngelo (1986) used total accruals (TA) as the proxy for DA to test earnings management in the context of bonus and management buyouts respectively. However, DeAngelo (1986) used first differencing to correct for serial correlation, therefore his NDA will be less contaminated by past accruals that are irrelevant in estimating current DA. The most popular earnings management model is the Jones Model (1991). It has model has been modified in several ways. Analysis is conducted in 2 stages. In the estimation stage, the DA is assumed to be zero and firm specific coefficients of NDA will be determined. These coefficients are assumed to be stationary and are used to in the event period to determine the DA. In her model, unlike the previous models, NDA are expected to vary with the level of business activity, and revenues and property, plant, and equipment (PPE) are used as proxies to control for NDA. All the variables are deflated by lagged total assets to correct for heteroskedasticity. Dechow et al (1995) argued that earnings can be managed by inflating revenue via receivables. As a result, revenue should be adjusted for change in receivables. This adjusted model is known as the Modified Jones Model. The Modified Jones Model (1995) is: The Industry Model (1991) was developed by Deschow and Sloan when they dealt with RD spending during the last year of the tenure of an outgoing CEO. They assumed that the variation in NDA is common across all firms in the same industry and formulated a model of how the normal item under investigation behaves. However, this model applies only to event studies in which not all firms experience the same event and it cannot capture firm specific characteristics. The Industry Model is: NDA t+1 = ?1 + ? Median (TA t+1) Limitations All models come with limitations. The limitations of the earnings management models are: Strong assumptions that may not hold. These include the absence of earnings management in the estimation period, stationarity of firm specific characteristics over such a longer time horizon, and orthogonality of NDA with the error term (i.e.DA). All the models assume that abnormal accruals are discretionary. Variation in accrual could be the result of performance or business strategy. The consequence is that it produces a Type II error. The solution is to add variables to control for performance and business strategy (Hansen 1999), however, some performance and growth variables may have non-linear properties. Small samples sizes. Small samples generate higher standard error which can weaken the power for the tests (type II errors). Measurement error. Since DA cannot be observed, it has to be estimated. This produces biased estimate of coefficients. The Balance Sheet approach generates more measurement error than the Cash Flow approach. (Hirbar and Collins 2002) Omission of variables. Most models miss some important variables and this induces a bias on the included variables and higher standard errors. The obviously omitted variable is an expense. This can cause an accrual conundrum (Ronen et al, 2007). Efficiency of the existing models. Research has shown that most of these models wrongly identify abnormal but NDA as DA (Type I error) and fail to identify higher amount of induced earnings management (Type II errors). This is partly due to the linearity of the models and the non-linear behavior of the variables studied. Moreover, there are many endogenous factors that affect earnings management and it may not be captured by single equations. As a result, a shift to linear specification and non-linear specification of the models could improve the efficiency of the earnings management models. Further decomposition of accruals. The starting point for most earnings management studies is decomposition of TA and most studies decomposed TA into NDA and DA. However, accruals have reversal property that ensures the change in accrued balance to add up to zero. Therefore, reversal of accrued balance limits the opportunity of managed earnings. As a result, further decomposition of TA accrual could provide more information on the exact change in TA. Implications and Application of Earnings Management Literature related to earnings management implies that earnings management could not be completely eliminated. As long as managements can benefit from managing earnings, they would attempt to expand use of it. Earnings management could be reduced while public eyes such as regulators spend many resources to detect it. However, if they lower guard due to lack of perfect restriction methods, earnings management could be re-flourished since it is surely useful for management to achieve their goals. Therefore, firms earnings management activities continually are reiterated. This continued action without a complete elimination can cause various effects on our society. Firms which purposefully manage their earnings for their own good could negatively impact public well-fare. According to Beaver (1998), financial reporting can generate different kinds of economic consequences, mostly related to resource allocation such as wealth distribution, aggregate consumption and aggregate production, a nd resources devoted to private search for information. Since earnings management could affect the quality of information by producing less reliable financial statement, eventually it could cause various negative economic results. In other words, less reliable information produced because of earnings management may not only make the public worse-off, but may also make the overall economy less stable. For example, because of earnings management, if many investors believe that financial reporting has poor quality and less reliability, they would spend more of their resources to search for better information or private information. It could mean that society wastes resources or re-allocates them to inappropriate places. Several studies provide evidences of earnings management by testing various types of accruals. Teoh, Wong, and Rao (1998) found that depreciation estimates and bad debt provisions are used for earnings management surrounding initial public offers. Many other studies found proof of earnings management through bank loan loss provisions (Beaver, et al., 1989; Moyer, 1990; Scholes, et al., 1990; Wahlen, 1994; Beatty et al. (1995), Collins et al. (1995), Beaver and Engel (1996), Liu and Ryan (1995), Liu et al. (1997). Studies of insurance claim loss reserves, including Petroni (1992), Anthony and Petroni (1992), Beaver and McNichols (1998), Penalva (1998), Petroni et al. (1999), have provided evidence of earnings management among insurers. Visvanathan (1998), Miller and Skinner (1998), Ayers (1998) test the use of deferred tax assets as a tool of earnings management, but they only present little evidence of it. While research indicates evidence of earnings management in a few accruals, numerous studies suggest different methods which could contribute to reduce pervasiveness of earnings management. Such restriction methods could be broadly cauterized in three parts. The first proposed way is to restrict earnings management through the regulatory process. Tan and Jamal (2006) found that strict accounting standards relating to discretionary accruals may reduce earnings management through. However, they also emphasize that too much restriction for cosmetic earnings management could increase real activity earnings management. As such, restriction through regulation would not completely eliminate earnings management because there are trade-offs. Secondly, another method is an appropriate and effective audit procedure. Past studies have shown evidence that various factors related to audit procedure can help constrain earnings management (Krishnan, 2003; Van Caneghem, 2004; Van Caneghem, 2004; Vand er Bauwhede Whillekens, 2004; Kim, et al., 2003; Frankel, 2002; Ferguson, 2004; Carey Simnet, 2006). According to Kim, et al. (2003), Big 5 auditors were more effective in deterring earnings management when there was an income increasing accrual choice. The last suggested restriction method is effective and efficient corporate governance. This is associated with the firms structure. For example, if a firm is inclined to highlight effective corporate governance, this firm could make an effort to prohibit earnings management.   It is important to understand that these three methods correlate with each other. For instance, by requiring additional audit procedures or firm policies, regulation would affect audit procedure or corporate governance and would reduce earnings management. On the other hand, auditors or firms could propose new regulations to reduce earnings management. Hence, earnings management could possibly be reduced not through one method but through a combination of a ll three methods. References: Ayers, B. C. 1998. Deferred tax accounting under SFAS No. 109: An empirical investigation of its incremental value-relevance relative to APB No. 11. The Accounting Review 73 (2): 195-212 Bartov, E., Givoly, D. Hayn, C. (2002) The rewards to meeting or beating earnings expectations.  Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33,173-204 Beatty, A., S. Chamberlain, and J. Magliolo. 1995. Managing financial reports of commercial banks: The influence of taxes, regulatory capital and earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 33 (2): 231-261 Beaver, W., C. Eger, S. Ryan, and M. Wolfson. 1989. Financial reporting, supplemental disclosures and bank share prices. Journal of Accounting Research (Autumn): 157-178 Beaver, W., and E. Engel. 1996. Discretionary behavior with respect to allowances for loan losses and the behavior of security prices. Journal of Accounting and Economics 22: 177-206 Beaver, and M. McNichols. 1998. The characteristics and valuation of loss reserves of property-casualty insurers. Working paper, Stanford University. Burgstahl